Since 1942, scientists, engineers, and production workers have been at work in McGregor, Texas, helping win wars, achieve spaceflights, and work towards lunar missions. In its early years, the McGregor facility was home to Bluebonnet Ordnance Plant, established in 1942 by the US Department of Defense (US Army Ordnance Corps) to help build bombs for the war effort. While ordnance-only manufacturing ceased at the end of World War II, the well-used plant in McGregor was destined to serve the nation once again. In 1952, the US Air Force acquired the property, naming it AF Plant 66, and the Rocket Fuels Division of Phillips Petroleum Company (PPC) operated the plant until 1958. In 1959, North American Aviation (NAA) bought PPC’s share, and that year Rocketdyne Solid Propulsion Operations took over the rocket-fuel testing and engineering facility at the McGregor site, operating until 1978.
As a large company with production facilities besides the McGregor plant, Rocketdyne emerged during a time of rapid change and technological development. After World War II, the US Defense Department contracted with NAA to begin researching Germany’s V-2 rocket and sought to adapt its burners and fuel systems to match US standards. Each of Rocketdyne’s four facilities (located in Canoga Park, California, as well as in Nevada, Missouri, and Texas) had distinct functions and contributed heavily to the US space program and Department of Defense. Their main focus was chemical propulsion in solid, liquid, and hybrid propelled rocket motors and engines.
Most notably, Rocketdyne was a supplier of rocket engines to NASA. By about 1960, the McGregor facility could test “small-scale rocket motors” with up to 5,000 pounds of thrust and 5,000 pounds of propellant at the facility’s multiple firing bays. Additionally, the facility could produce jet-assisted takeoff rockets for the US Air Force. McGregor and Canoga Park coordinated closely in their research and engineering and in 1966 were using “remote terminals used by engineers consisting of 35 teletypewriters transmitting programs and data over leased lines connecting McGregor, TX, to the main Rocketdyne computer in Canoga Park, CA.” By the late 1960s, the McGregor plant had produced over 250,000 rocket motors and thousands of gas generators and igniters.
The rockets produced at the facility would eventually contribute to the creation of the Saturn V rocket used in NASA’s Apollo Missions. This massive launch vehicle for Apollo 11 totaled over eighty rocket engines used in various stages to propel astronauts into space orbit and then to the moon. The first stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle that carried the Apollo 11 crew included five Rocketdyne F-1 rocket engines producing 7.5 million pounds of thrust and burning 42,500 gallons of fuel per minute. Saturn V also included six Rocketdyne-made J-2 engines powering the second and third stages. The Saturn V rocket was used a total of thirteen times with ten missions and even launched NASA’s first space station, Skylab, into space in 1973.
Throughout the years and through various operators, countless scientists, engineers, and production workers have called Central Texas home in order to work in the McGregor facility. With the SpaceX acquisition of some of this property in 2002-2003, rocket testing is still done here at the former Bluebonnet Plant, and it has stood the test of time adding to the rich history of Central Texas.
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]]>James Andrew Harris shook the science world in 1969 for two reasons. First, he co-discovered elements 104 and 105 on the periodic table, a massive accomplishment. Second, he was the first African American in history to discover an element. James Harris was a true pioneer, and he worked hard his entire life to make room for African Americans in the sciences.
Harris was born in Waco, Texas, on March 26, 1932. He attended A. J. Moore High (pinned here) in Waco until middle school (despite the nature of the name, the school served Kindergarten through twelfth-grade), but after his parents divorced, Harris moved to Oakland, California, with his mother. There he graduated from McClymond High School. But Harris did not stay in California for long. After graduating from high school, he moved back to Texas to attend Huston-Tillotson College (HTC) and pursue a degree in chemistry. After graduating in 1953, Harris served two years in the United States Army. After his short career as a sergeant, he married his HTC sweetheart, Helen, in 1957.
Upon entering civilian life in 1955, Harris set out to find a job and use his degree, but that proved much more difficult than he would have liked. Most employers not only refused to hire Harris, they were shocked he would even apply as an African American for a job in chemistry. Harris remembered one such experience vividly, recalling in a 1973 interview, “I was even given a job test simple enough for elementary school kids— basic addition and subtraction. I told the secretary I didn't need a job that badly.” Other secretaries simply assumed he was applying to be a janitor or suggested that he did so when he mentioned chemistry. Despite these setbacks and the culture of Jim Crow America, Harris did not give up, and his perseverance was rewarded when he landed a job at Tracerlab in Richmond, California, where he worked in commercial research. After five years at Tracerlab, Harris decided to move on and joined the Lawrence Radiation Lab (Lawrence Berkeley Lab), an affiliate of the University of California’s Department of Energy.
This lab would prove to be the theater for Harris’s success. He was teamed up with a renowned scientist of the Manhattan project, Albert Ghiorso, and the men set to work to see if they could discover (i.e. produce) new elements. The process by which they did this was complex. The basic method was to bombard certain atomic targets with different elements in an accelerator. This would allow the men to isolate and identify individual new elements at the atomic level. Ghiorso was largely responsible for creating the machines and Harris became the master of making the atomic targets. The atomic targets had to be pure, and, because of this, making them was a tedious and precise process. Harris’s colleagues declared that he was undoubtedly the best target-maker they had ever and would ever work with, making his contribution instrumental. With Ghiorso’s machines and Harris’s targets, the two men identified element 104 for the first time in 1969. They named the element Rutherfordium after British physicist Earnest Rutherford. Harris was officially the first African American to discover a new element, and he did it as the only person in his lab without a PhD as well.
After changing the bombarding element from carbon to nitrogen in 1970, Harris and Ghiorso discovered element 105, commonly referred to today as Dubnium. However, this was not the original name chosen by the two men. They had chosen the name Hahnium after German chemist Otto Hahn, but they had to cede the naming right to Russian scientists from the town of Dubna, from where the element received its official name. The reason was because both Harris’s lab and the Russian lab had identified elements 104 and 105 around the same time. After the naming controversy had been raging for over twenty years, the teams were required by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry in 1997 to divvy up the naming rights: 104 was given the American choice of Rutherfordium and 105 the Russian choice of Dubnium (though the original Russian choice had been Neilsbohrium after Danish nuclear physicist Neils Bohr).
After catapulting to the forefront of scientific innovation because of his discoveries, Harris worked to ensure that other African American children could enjoy the same opportunities. He was awarded an honorary doctorate from his alma mater in 1973, and he did not want to waste the chance to do something good with his acclaim. Harris traveled to schools and universities across the nation to talk to young African American students, especially those from disadvantaged communities, and recruit them to the sciences. His dedication led to awards from the Urban League, the National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers, the City of Richmond, Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Black Dignity Science Institute, and the National Organization for Equal Opportunity in Education. Harris was even part of the "Black Pioneers" exhibit at the Oakland Museum, and he was inducted into the Black College Hall of Fame in Atlanta.
Harris retired early in 1988 at the age of fifty-six. In his retirement he kept up with his community service efforts, along with many rounds of golf and spending time with Helen and his five children. He passed away on December 12, 2000, from an unknown but sudden illness.
James Harris started his education and his life here in Waco, and he went on to change both the scientific community and the black community. Harris is still remembered today as an African American innovator and hero who not only blazed the trail himself, but who worked hard to make sure other black students could follow in his footsteps. Nuclear scientist Darleane Hoffman said of Harris, “From the first time I met him in the early sixties to the last time on the day he passed away, he was upbeat, cheerful, and a pleasure to be around.”
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